バートランド・ラッセル『ヒューマン・ソサエティ-倫理学から政治学へ』11-04- Human Society in Ethics and Politics, 1954
* 原著:Human Society in Ethics and Politics, 1954* 邦訳書:バートランド・ラッセル(著),勝部真長・長谷川鑛平(共訳)『ヒューマン・ソサエティ-倫理学から政治学へ』(玉川大学出版部,1981年7月刊。268+x pp.)
『ヒューマン・ソサエティ』第11章:生産と分配 n.4 |
Human Society in Ethics and Politics, 1954, chapter 11: Production and Distribution, n.4 | |||
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The attitude of the moralist will be different in regard to these three classes. Let' us begin with the first class, which consists broadly of material things such as economics deals with - food, clothes, houses, etc. We have first to ask ourselves whether there is an ethical principle that may be called ‘'justice" which enables us to say that a ''just" distribution of material goods has an intrinsic value. In our definition of right conduct we assumed that this is not the case, and that right conduct consists in producing as great a quantity of intrinsic value as possible, independently of who enjoys it. But it may be urged that a community in which intrinsic value is evenly distributed is better than one in which the distribution is uneven, even if the total quantity of intrinsic value is no greater. I do not myself believe this. I think that there are strong arguments for approximating to an even distribution, but I think they are all compatible with treating justice as a means rather than an end. The main objection to an uneven distribution is that it causes envy and hatred in the less fortunate, leading to fear and correlative hatred in the more fortunate. But where a long-established social system has so sanctioned an uneven distribution that even the less fortunate acquiesce without resentment, this argument does not apply. There are, moreover, in some societies positive arguments for inequality. I think therefore that, while the arguments for approximately equal distribution are very strong wherever an ancient tradition is not dominant, they are nevertheless arguments as to means, and I do not think that justice can be admitted as something having intrinsic value on its own account. |